However, the complex color-patterning process in OLEDs limits opportunities for OLED display resolution enhancement 10. Since standard AR and VR devices are either glass- or head-mounted, their screens are close to the eyes, and thus, high-resolution display panels are required 7, 8, 9. OLEDs are also applied to augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices, owing to their excellent characteristics, which include high efficiency, fast response time, high contrast ratio, thinness, light weight, and high-color gamut 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been widely used in the main displays of mobile phones, tablet PCs, and TVs. To the best of our knowledge, we first demonstrate the TFT-driven vertically stacked full-color OLED. The aperture ratio of the full-color-driven OLED pixel is approximately twice as large as conventional sub-pixel structures, due to geometric advantage, despite the TFT integration. As a result, transparent intermediate electrodes are patterned on top of the OLED elements without degrading the OLED, thereby enabling to fabricate the vertically stacked OLED. In this study, we develop a low-temperature processed Al 2O 3/SiN x bilayered protection layer, which stably protects the OLEDs from photolithography process solutions, as well as from moisture and oxygen. Vertical stacking of OLEDs by the photolithography process is technically challenging, as OLEDs are vulnerable to moisture, oxygen, solutions for photolithography processes, and temperatures over 100 ☌. Thin-film transistor (TFT)-driven full-color organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with vertically stacked structures are developed herein using photolithography processes, which allow for high-resolution displays of over 2,000 pixels per inch.
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